Ear
- ASOM
- presentation - severe ear pain, swollen red tympanic membrane without normal cone of light, typically in children
- Rx - Antibiotics, analgesics, antihistamine, myringotomy and grommet
- otitis media with effusion
- Rx - Myringotomy and grommet
- aetiology may be Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma - look at demographics
- CSOM
- perforation of tympanic membrane
- Otitis Externa
- Cholestetoma
- presentation - foul-smelling scanty discharge from ear, with hearing loss
- Rx - mastoidectomy
- Aetiology - ossicles erosion
- "Vertigo" (Inner Ear conditions)
- Perichondritis
- painful inflammation of the pinna
- Rx by analgesics and antibiotics
- complication
- cartilage necrosis and ear deformity (cauliflower deformity)
- perichondrial abscess
- complication
- cartilage necrosis and ear deformity (cauliflower deformity)
- preauricular sinus
- preauricular abscess
- Rx - analgesics, incision/Drainage and antibiotics - if recurrent, resection of sinus tract
- furunculosis
- hair follicle infection by staph. aureous
- Rx- antibiotics
- complications
- malignant otitis externa (it is not a malignancy)
- mastoditis
- presentation - swelling erythmatous shining skin behind the ear, typically in children
- aetiology - mastoid abscess
- Rx- incision and drainage
- Bell's Palsy
- viral aetiology - good prognosis
Nose
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Chronic Rhinitis
- Vasomotor Rhinitis
- Infective Rhinitis
- atrophic rhinitis
- tonsillitis
- Sinusitis
- interpretation of X-ray
- Rx - Antibiotics, anti histamines if recurrent, percutaneous drainage
- complications
- Meningitis
- orbital abscess
- Epistaxis
- Polyps
- presentation - unilateral facial pain for 3 weeks
- Angiofibroma
- presentation - extensive epistaxis in young males
- nasal bone fracture
- interpretation of lateral X-ray
- Rx - reduction, analgesics, nasal splint
- foreign body
- complications
- aspiration
- epistaxis
- epistaxis
- aetiology
- ritter's area damage
- Rx - trotter's maneuver, if extensive Epistaxis, nasal packing, angiography and embolisation - if still not resolving, ligate external carotid
Throat
- Acute tonsillitis
- presenttion - odynophagia, fever for 3 days
- Rx - IV fluid, systemic antibiotics, gargles
- complication
- quinsy's
- peritonsillar abscess
- parapharyngeal abscess
- Chronic Tonsillitis
- Peritonsillar abscess
- Foreign body aspiration
- laryngeal polyps
- Laryngeal Carcinoma
- retropharyngeal abscess
- presenting with fever, sore throat and odynophagia
- Ix - lateral X-ray show displacement of oesophagus more than 1 thickness of vertebral body, airway is sternosed and loss of lordosis of spine
- adenoid hypertrophy
- presentation - young patient presenting with snorting
- Ix - air column narrowing seen in lateral X-ray of nasopharynx
- Rx - adenoidectomy
- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- presentation - chinese gentleman with conductive hearing loss
- maxillary carcinoma
- salivary gland tumour
- most commonly - pleomorphic adenoma, siladenitis
- presentation - swelling in neck, increasing in size especially in eating sour food
- squamous cell carcinoma
- 90% of cancer in head and neck
- may have leukoplakia
others
facial palsy
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